HBS Unit 1 Review Sheet
Contents:
- Body Systems
- Directional Terms
- Regional Terms
- Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Bones
- Standard Curves
- DNA Structure
- Restriction Enzymes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Gel Electrophoresis
Body Systems - (Activity 1.1.1 - Amazing Facts)
Integumentary System
- Structures – skin; hair; nails
- Function – protection
Nervous System
- Structure – brain; spinal cord; nerves
- Function – communication
Digestive System
- Structure – oral cavity; esophagus; stomach; intestines
- Function – water and energy absorption; solid waste
Respiratory System
- Structure – nasal passage; trachea; lungs; bronchi; aveoli
- Function – gas exchange
Urinary System
- Structure – kidney; ureter; bladder; urethra
- Function – water absorption; liquid waste
Endocrine System
- Structure – pituitary gland; adrenal gland; ovaries; testes
- Function – hormone regulation; communication
Lymphatic & Immune System
- Structure – lymph nodes; thymus; spleen; bone marrow
- Function – filtration of toxins and waste; immunity
Skeletal System
- Structure – bones; joints
- Function – structure; protection
Muscular System
- Structure – skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac muscle
- Function – movement; heat
Cardiovascular System
- Structure – heart; arteries; veins; capillaries
- Function – circulate blood; gas exchange
Directional Terms - (Activity 1.1.2 - Orientation to the Maniken)
| Directional Term | Origin | Meaning |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Superior | super- (latin) | above | Head is superior to the chest. |
| Inferior | inferus (Latin) |
low; below |
Pelvis is inferior to the chest. |
| Ventral | venter (Latin) |
belly; underside | Abdomen is on the ventral side of our body. |
| Dorsal | dorsum (Latin) |
back | Spine is on the dorsal side of our body. |
| Anterior | ante (Latin) |
before; in front |
|
| Posterior | post (Lain) |
behind | |
| Superficial | super- (Latin) facies (Latin) |
"above face"; outer surface |
Skin is a superficial organ |
| Deep | Below the skin are deep tissues. |
||
| Rostral |
rostrum (Latin) |
break; toward the |
Our forehead is rostral to the top of our head. |
| Cranial | cranium (Latin) kranion (Greek) |
skull; towards the head |
Cervical vertebrae are most cranial. |
| Caudal | cauda (Latin) |
tail; toward the |
Tailbone is the most caudal vertebrae. |
| Lateral | later- (Latin) |
side; toward the |
The sides of our body are lateral. |
| Medial | medius (Latin) |
middle; towards the |
Sternum (brestbone) is medial |
| Proximal | proximus (Latin) |
nearest; closer to origin |
The proximal forearm is closer to the elbow. |
| Distal | dis- (Latin) |
apart; further from origin |
The distal forearm is closer to the wrist. |
Regional Terms - (Activity 1.1.2 - Orientation to the Maniken)
Abdominal – abdomen
Antecubital – ventral elbow
Axillary – armpit
Brachial – upper arm (humerus)
Buccal – cheeck (zygomatic arch)
Calcaneal – heel
Carpal – small bones of wrist
Cephalic – head
Cervical – neck (cervical)
Coxal – hip (pelvis)
Digital – fingers/toes (phalanges)
Femoral – thigh (femur)
Gluteal – buttocks
Inguinal – groin
Lumbar – lower back
Nasal – Nose
Occipital – posterior base of skull
Olecranal – dorsal/posterior elbow
Oral – mouth
Orbital – eye
Patellar – knee cap
Pelvic – pelvis
Popliteal – posterior knee
Sacral – fused vertebrae near hip
Scapular – shoulder blade
Sternal – breastbone
Tarsal – small bones of ankle
Thoracic – thorax; chest cavity
Umbilical – belly button
Vertebral – spine
Epithelial Tissue - (Activity 1.2.1 - Identity of your Maniken)
Muscle Tissue - (Activity 1.2.1 - Identity of your Maniken)
Connective Tissue - (Activity 1.2.1 - Identity of your Maniken)
Nervous Tissue - (Activity 1.2.1 - Identity of your Maniken)
Bones - (Activity 1.2.2 - Skeletal Scavenger Hunt)
Rib Cage
- True
- False
- Floating
Vertebrae
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacrum (5 fused)
- Coccyx (4 fused)
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Standard Curves - (Activity 1.2.4 - Estimating Height from Bones)
Linear Regression – Best Fit Line
-
- A linear regression – or best-fit line – attempts to represent data points in a scatter plot as a representative trend.
- Equation: $y = mx + b$
$y$ = $y$ variable
$m$ = slope
$x$ = $x$ variable
$b$ = $y$ intercept
DNA Structure - (Activity 1.3.1 - DNA Detectives)
Structure: A phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen base are all the components that make up a nucleotide. The organization of each structural component can be seen to the right.
Function: Nucleotides are marcomolecule-monomers that can be brought together to create a DNA polymer; they are the ‘building blocks’ of DNA.
Purines
-
-
- Double-ring structure
- Guanine base pairs with Cytosine
- They share 3 hydrogen bonds
- Adenine base pairs with Thymine
- They share 2 hydrogen bonds
-
Pyrimidines
-
-
- Single-ring structure
- Cytosine base pairs with Guanine
-
- They share 3 hydrogen bonds
- They share 3 hydrogen bonds
-
- Thymine base pairs with Adenine
-
- They share 2 hydrogen bonds
-
-
Polymerase Chain Reaction - (Activity 1.3.1 - DNA Detectives)
Step 1 – Denaturation
- Raise the temperature.
- As a result, the hydrogen bonds in the DNA double strand break and the molecule separates into two separate DNA single strands. (Excuse the alliteration!)
Step 2 – Annealing
- Cool the temperature down a bit.
- This will allow primers to attach to complimentary sequences on each of the single stranded DNA.
Step 3 – Elongation
- Slightly raise the temperature
- Taq polymerase will interact with the DNA-primer complex and begin to add nucleotides to the 3′ end of the primer. These nucleotides will be complimentary to whatever nucleotides are on the DNA strand.
Restriction Enzymes - (Activity 1.3.1 - DNA Detectives)
Origin: Restriction enzymes are produced by bacteria to protect the bacterium from foreign, viral DNA.
Function: They recognize a short, specific nucleotide sequences and separate the DNA strands at precise locations.
Application: Scientists have isolated restriction enzymes from bacteria and used them for techniques like genetic cloning and gel electrophoresis.
DNA Gel Electrophoresis - (Activity 1.3.1 - DNA Detectives)
Purpose: DNA gel electrophoresis attempts to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments.
Function: The DNA sample is loaded into the wells of the gel and a current is applied to the electrophoresis chamber which also contains a salt water buffer. The DNA is moves towards the positive electrode in response to an applied current. Larger DNA fragments move slower through the agarose molecules in the gel.
Application: Gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze and compare the RFLPs of an unknown genetic sample to known genetic samples. For example, DNA evidence at a crime scene can be compared to a series of potential suspects.
Biomterics - (Activity 1.3.3 - Biometrics: Who are you?)
References
- Clark MA, Douglas M, Choi J. “35.2 How Neurons Communicate.” Biology 2e, OpenStax, https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/35-2-how-neurons-communicate. License: CC BY 4.0 License Terms: Edited & Adapted | Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction.
- Clark, MA, Douglas M, Choi J. “Neurons and Glial Cells.” OpenStax, 28 Mar. 2018, https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/35-1-neurons-and-glial-cells. License: CC BY 4.0 License Terms: Edited & Adapted | Access for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@10.24.
- Young, KA., Wise, JA., DeSaix, P., Kruse, DH., Poe, B., Johnson, E., Johnson, JE., Korol, O., Betts, JG., & Womble, M. “File:1225 Chemical Synapse.jpg” Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1225_Chemical_Synapse.jpg License: CC BY 4.0
- Backyard Brains. “Patellar Reflex_web.jpg” Backyard Brains, License: CC BY-SA 3.0 License Terms: No edits were made.
- Betts, JG, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse DH, Korol O, Johnson JE, Womble M, DeSaix P. “The Endocrine Pancreas.” Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax, 2013. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/17-9-the-endocrine-pancreas. License: CC BY 4.0 License Terms: Edited & Adapted | Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction.